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Augmented Reality (AR) Technology

Introduction

Since the early 70′s video games have been a great entertainment for all of us. With the recent boom in technology, computer graphics has been so advanced that graphic games are being introduced into the real world surroundings. The photo reality is mind boggling to such an extent that you feel that the games have been plucked out of your display monitors and integrated into your surroundings. Not only the video part, but also sound and also other sense enhancements are integrated into the real world. Such a technology is called Augmented Reality, which clearly makes us doubt whether what we see, hear, smell and feel is real or not.

What is Augmented Reality (AR)?

Augmented Reality [AR] can actually be defined as the integration of graphics into the physical real world without a single change in the perspective, that is every image shown will be adjusted to every angle of movement of the user’s head and eyes. Thus a widely produced graphics in augmented reality will surely enhance everyone’s perception of the real world.

Thus AR is a combination of three factors. They are

Real and virtual world.

Interaction in the real time.

3D world.

With the wide use of AR, the entire view of the world will surely change. Just think of yourself, sitting at home, while an exact replica of yourself walking through the streets. When you view such a person’s image the audio will coincide with the image automatically. The changes will be made continuously to reflect the movements of your view. Such applications are most commonly seen nowadays in smart phones.

Technology

To know the technology used in AR it is necessary to know the basic components used in Augmented Reality. There are four basic components used in AR. They are

1. Display

2. Tracking and Orientation

3. Portable Computer

4. Software

These four components are combined together to make a highly efficient AR device. Devices like high speed multi-processors, high resolution cameras, accelerometers and are also used to enhance the reliability of the AR equipped device.

Now let us learn about each component in detail.

1. Displays

Tree types of displays are used in AR technology. They are

Head Mounted Displays [HMD]

This device keeps both the images of the real physical world and the virtual graphical world over the user’s world view. HMD are either an optically transparent or video transparent device. In an optically transparent display device, partial silver mirrors are used to pass the views of the real world through a lens. At the same time the virtual images are reflected into the user’s eyes. A 6-degrees of freedom [dof] sensor must be used to track the HMD device. Such a tracking method helps in relating the virtual world to the real world.

Some basic products that use such displays are Sony Glasstron, Microvision NOMAD and so on.

Handheld Displays

Such displays are small in size and will easily fit in one hand. These devices use video transparent techniques to relate the virtual world to the real world. Here also 6-degrees of freedom [dof] sensors are used apart from devices like GPS trackers, and digital compasses.  This display technology is the biggest success for Augmented Reality till now. Since they are easily portable and due to the bulk use of camera phones, they are used widely.

Spatial Displays / Spatial Augmented Reality [SAR]

This is very different from the other two techniques explained above. There is no need t carry the display, instead, the graphical image is related to physical objects by using a digital projector. The only problem is that the user will have no contacts with the display.

The main advantage of such a device when compared to other displays is that the user doesn’t have to carry the equipment along with him. Thus the users can easily see each other’s faces. Since a projector system is used, these displays have better resolution than the others. The resolution can be further increased by expanding the display area by using more projectors.

2. Tracking and Orientation

As the name refers, tracking and orientation is needed to know the user’s exact location in comparison to his surroundings and also is used for tracking the exact eye and head movements of the user. This is the most complex part of the Augmented Reality technology as three major functions such as tracking the overall location, movement of the user’s head and eye and adjusting the graphics to be displayed are done with utmost precaution. There has not been a single system than can produce AR without a small delay between the real world and the graphical world till now.

3. Portable Computer

For this technology to sustain, the computers used must have high speed processors. Even now, the computers used for this purpose, does not have enough efficiency. For using 3-D graphics in systems, the configuration must be high end.

Applications

Here are some of the applications of AR in different fields.

Gaming and Entertainment

This is the biggest field in which AR has really made progress in. The games can be enhanced to such an extent that the user will fell like he is one of the characters of the game. Even movies can be watched with such enthusiasm as you will feel that the characters are walking past you.

Education

AR system can be greatly helpful to students as it can be used to re-create historic events of great importance in relation to its real time background. Thus the students will have a better idea of all the facts in life, providing them with a better education.

Security and Defence

AR technology helps in giving the soldiers in the field vital information about their surroundings, friendly troops and also the movement of their enemies. Even police officers will have a great help from such a technology as they have a complete and inmost view of a crime scene or robbery.

Medicine

During a medical operation, AR technology can be used to provide the doctor a better sensory perception of the patient’s body.

Thus, the risk factor involved in an operation can be greatly reduced and the efficiency can be increased. The technology can also be used to provide the patient’s medical records digitally in page wise manner, immediately after an X-ray or MRI, so that a quick decision can be taken.

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Working of Facial Recognition System

We have seen the use of facial recognition technology in many movies. A photo of the person to be identified will be obtained from some hidden camera. It will then be run in through the police database so as to find a match with their existing records. At last a match will be found and the criminal will be caught red handed. Though this may seem fascinating in movies, it may not be the same in real world.

The facial recognition system was equipped in cameras and was placed in some streets so as to cut down the number of crimes in the area. But, the technology failed to provide results as the people around the streets wore masks, prohibiting the cameras from getting a clear enough shot to identify anyone.

The facial recognition software’s have been upgraded well enough to provide 99% accuracy at present. In this post, we will discuss about the origin of this technology and also their enhancing capabilities for both governmental and personal use.

From the phrase facial recognition, it is understood that the software used for this purpose mainly recognizes a number of distinguished features of the face. All the features added together make almost 80 nodal points. The software used for facial recognition recognizes and distinguishes the face from its background by some of the common nodal points given below.

Distance between the eyes

Nose width

Depth of the eye sockets

Cheekbone shape

Length of jaw-line

The above nodal points are measured altogether to provide a common numerical code known as the face print.

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Working of 3-D TV

3-D Technology

Television has been one of the biggest entertainments since its invention. From its evolution in black and white format, the television technology has later developed to bring colour visuals in CRT displays and later LCD, LED and also Plasma. Nowadays we can get TV’s that is almost 61-inches wide and that too with a very small thickness. The visuals are also in High-def format, which is so clear that we feel like sitting in front of it the whole time.

With later developments in the TV technology, one question arises in our minds…WHAT’S NEXT??

The answer is clear…3-D technology!!

The surprising factor about 3-D Technology is that it was first tried in the year 1922 for a movie called “The Power of Love”. Since then people have been trying to develop the technology. During the 1950′s movie producers were trying to attract people into theatres. For that, they also tried to simulate shock in the audience seats while showing a horror film. Apart from this the movies were shown in 3-D format to bring the pictures live. All the audience had to do was to wear a pair of glasses.

After the release of major movies like Avatar, Clash of the Titans, Up in the Air and so n in the 3-D format, even TV manufacturers decided to make 3-D TV’s for home purpose from the year 2009.

A 3-D image is obtained by displaying different images to each eye. This when joined by the brain, will produce an illusion of a 3-D image. This method is called stereoscopy.

Thus a 3-D TV is a special television that has various methods to deploy 3-D images so that people can experience a realistic 3-D field.

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Piccolo – The ‘Sketching’ Robot

Piccolo can be said as the perfect companion for a graphic designer or an engineer as it helps him to sketch his creativity. Piccolo is a small pocket sized robot which uses servo mechanism for developing and deploying the accurate 2D or 3D output. Like all other robots, this one also works according to CNC technology. CNC is the acronym of Computer Numerical Control. Here the computer converts the design produced by the computer aided design software (CAD) into numbers. These numbers denote different coordinates – that is X, Y and Z in a graph. This technology is employed in a number of places such as the automatic machine cutting, or the drawing tool.  We can sketch a simple drawing or cut a sheet using a laser tip by attaching the corresponding tip to this bot. Piccolo will work according to the type of tip attached to it. Another important advantage of Piccolo is its portability. We can carry this cool machine anywhere with us. When compared to other CNC based robots, this one does not cost thousands of dollars but just $70.This device was introduced by the Diatom studio from London with the collaboration of Cheng  Xu and Huaishu Peng  From CoDe Lab.

Lytro Light Field Camera – The Next Generation Camera is Here

Since its invention, the technology behind a camera has developed a lot beyond imagination. Nowadays, the device has become so sleek in design that it is integrated with other gadgets like mobiles and computers. To take a good photo, a photographer needs to use a camera with good resolution and focus. What if the camera had a technique by which the focus could be provided after the photo was taken? This would give the photographer enough time to sort out the correct focus required for the picture taken. This technique has been introduced in the “lytro light field camera” and will be explained in detail in this post.

The device mainly works on a type of photography called the light field photography. In this technology the camera captures all the light going in every direction in a scene. This is done by breaking up the main image with the help of a micro lens over an image sensor.

Lytro Focus

The lytro camera was invented by Ren Ng who was a light filed photography researcher from the Stanford University. He established a company called the Lytro Inc in the year 2006, and on October 2011 the first lytro camera was sold commercially and now it is available for the public. The camera consisted of a lens which was a matrix of tiny lenses on a sensing chip. These sensors were employed to gather the light from different directions and sources. The lytro camera was chosen by the Time magazine as one of the best inventions of 2011. One of the main advantages of lytro camera is that it requires no autofocus or refocus as both the parameters can be given as we wish after the picture is taken and hence, avoids shutter delay. The pictures taken by a lytro camera will in LFP format, one which is exclusive to the lytro camera. Now let us take a look of the various parts of a lytro camera which enable it to focus the image after capturing

Lytro Camera Construction

Lens – As always lens is one of the most important part of this camera. The lens of a lytro camera has the capability to do a maximum 8x optical zoom with f/2 aperture lens. For enabling unheard of light capture the aperture is kept constant across the zoom range.

 Light field engine 1.0  -  The light field engine  accompanied with powerful processing capabilities process the light ray data captured by the sensor. It does the same job as the super computer in the lab. Light field engine enables you to refocus the image which you captured anywhere, in your PC, camera or even online.

Light field sensor – The lytro’s light field sensor is capable of capturing 10 million light rays and is one of the best of its kind.

Video of a Lytro camera

In this video we can see how the inventor Ren Ng explains the feature and functionality of this amazing camera.

The first thing to be considered is the light field. Lightfield is one of the main concepts while we are dealing with in imaging science. Ordinary cameras don’t have the ability of capturing the lightfield. The lightfield gives a description on how a scene has occurred. Simply saying it is the amount of light travelling in every direction through every point in space. Now let’s see how this lightfield is captured

For recording the lightfield an innovative technology which employs a new kind of sensor called the light field sensor is used.  This light field sensor is used to capture the color, intensity and vector direction of the rays of light unlike the traditional cameras. The next step is the processing of the light field. Sophisticated algorithms are used to make the light field worth using. The main advantage of relying on the software other than the hardware is that we can improve the quality of the picture by improving the capturing speed and low light picture capturing.

Lytro Lightfield sensor – Working

One of the many advantages of a lytro camera is that the image obtained is raw in nature. That is, the image can be easily converted into 3D as the 3rd dimensional data is already included. All you have to do it upload the image on to a 3D phone say LG Optimus 3D or HTC evo 3D. It is also easy to refocus the images with the help of an iPad or an iPhone. It is pretty easy to transfer the image from the camera to PC or other gadgets. Currently a Mac desktop application for the lytro is out and you just have to connect the lytro to your MAC and rest is just simple as copying the files from your smart phone. One image captured by the lytro is about 16 MB as a lot is raw data is to be stuffed in it. The MAC application also has an option to share the photo directly to social networking sites. In internet the image is viewed with the help of flash or html 5.

 The lytro camera is available in market with 8GB and 16 GB memory and in 3 colors. The 16 GB version which can take up to 750 photos costs $499 and the 8GB version costs $399. The lytro camera is available in 3 shades, Redhot, graphite and electric blue.  According to reliable sources more varieties of lytro cameras are to be launched in the market in the near future with better specifications. All the reviews about the camera have been good till now.

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        4g 

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. Speed requirements for 4G service set the peak download speed at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users)

A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.

Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006[2] and 2009 respectively, and are often branded as 4G. The current versions of these technologies did not fulfill the original ITU-R requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems. Marketing materials use 4G as a description for Mobile-WiMAX and LTE in their current forms.
IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” respectively. ITU has decided that “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” should be accorded the official designation of IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements could be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed."

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DD Using Bio-robotics:

In order to measure quantitatively the neuro-psychomotor conditions of an individual with a view to subsequently detecting his/her state of health, it is necessary to obtain a set of parameters such as reaction time, speed, strength and tremor. By processing these parameters through the use of fuzzy logic it is possible to monitor an individual's state of health, .i.e. whether he/she is healthy or affected by a particular pathology such as Parkinson's disease, dementia, etc. The set of parameters obtained is useful not only to diagnose neuro-motor pathologies (e.g. Parkinson Disease), but also to assess general everyday health or to monitor sports performance; moreover, continuous use of the device by an individual for health-monitoring purposes, not only allows for detection of the onset of a particular pathology but also provides greater awareness in terms of how life style or certain habits tend to have repercussions on psycho-physical well-being. Since an individual's state of health should be continually monitored, it is essential that he or she can manage the test autonomously without his/her emotional state being influenced: autonomous testing is important, as the individual is likely to be more relaxed thus obviating emotional problems. The new system has been designed with reference to the biomechanical characteristics of the human finger.

Disease detector (DDX) is a new bio robotic device that is a fuzzy based control system for the detection of neuro-motional and psychophysical health conditions. The initial experimental system (DD1) and the current system (DD2) are not easily portable and, even if they are very reliable, cannot estimate the patient health beyond the typical parameters of Parkinson's disease nor are they able to remotely transmit such diagnoses.

This new bio-robotic system is exploited in order to obtain an intelligent and reliable detector supported by a very small and portable device, with a simple joystick with few buttons, a liquid-display (LCD), and a simple interface for remote communication of diagnosis. It may be adopted for earth and space applications, because of its portability, in order to measure all the reactions in front of external effects.

The DDX control system consists of a small board with an internal fuzzy microcontroller that acquires, through the action on a button on the joystick, some important parameters: reaction time, motion speed, force of the finger on the button, and tremor and analyses them by fuzzy rules in order to detect the patient's disease class. Moreover this new device also includes a system to detect vocal reaction. The resulting output can be visualized tkkhuhhrough a display or transmitted by a communication interface.

    Clos Architecture in OPS

The need to transmit information in large volumes and in more compact forms is felt these days more than ever before. To provide the bandwidth necessary to fulfill the ever-increasing demand, the copper networks have been upgraded and nowadays to a great extend replaced with optical fiber networks. Though initially these were deployed as point-to-point interconnections, real optical networking using optical switches is possible today. Since the advent of optical amplifiers allowed the deployment of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), the bandwidth available on a single fiber has grown significantly.

Optical communication can take place in one of the two ways - either circuit switching or else packet switching. In circuit switching, the route and bandwidth allocated to the stream remain constant over the lifetime of the stream. The capacity of each channel is divided into a number of fixed-rate logical channels, called circuits. Optical cross connects (OXCs) switch wavelengths from their input ports to their output ports. To the client layer of the optical network, the connections realized by the network of OXCs are seen as a virtual topology, possibly different from physical topology (containing WDM links). To set up the connections, as in the old telephony world, a so called control plane is necessary to allow for signaling. Enabling automatic setup of connections through such a control plane is the focus of the work in the automatically switched optical network (ASON) framework. Since the light paths that have to be set up in such an ASON will have a relatively long lifetime (typically in the range of hours to days), the switching time requirements on OXCs are not very demanding.

It is clear that the main disadvantage of such circuit switched networks is that they are not able to adequately cope with highly variable traffic. Since the capacity offered by a single wavelength ranges up to a few tens of gigabits per second, poor utilization of the available bandwidth is likely. A packet switched concept, where bandwidth is effectively consumed when data is being sent, clearly allows more efficient handling of traffic that greatly varies in both volume and communication endpoints, such as in currently dominant internet traffic.

In packet switching, the data stream originating at the source is divided into packets of fixed or variable size. In this method the bandwidth is effectively consumed when data is being sent and so allows a more efficient handling of traffic that greatly varies in both volume and communication endpoints.

In the last decade, various research groups have focused on optical packet switching (OPS), aimed at more efficiently using the huge bandwidths offered by such networks. The idea is to use optical fiber to transport optical packets, rather than continuous streams of light. Optical packets consist of a header and a payload. In an OPS node, the transported data is kept in the optical domain, but the header information is extracted and processed using mature control electronics, as optical processing is still in its infancy. To limit the amount of header processing, client layer traffic (e.g., IP traffic) will be aggregated into fairly large packets.

To unlock the possibilities of OPS, several issues arise and are being solved today. To be competitive with the other solutions, the OPS cost node needs to be limited, and the architectures should be future proof (i.e., scalable). In this context, the work of Clos on multistage architectures has been inspiring.