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Augmented Reality (AR) Technology

Introduction

Since the early 70′s video games have been a great entertainment for all of us. With the recent boom in technology, computer graphics has been so advanced that graphic games are being introduced into the real world surroundings. The photo reality is mind boggling to such an extent that you feel that the games have been plucked out of your display monitors and integrated into your surroundings. Not only the video part, but also sound and also other sense enhancements are integrated into the real world. Such a technology is called Augmented Reality, which clearly makes us doubt whether what we see, hear, smell and feel is real or not.

What is Augmented Reality (AR)?

Augmented Reality [AR] can actually be defined as the integration of graphics into the physical real world without a single change in the perspective, that is every image shown will be adjusted to every angle of movement of the user’s head and eyes. Thus a widely produced graphics in augmented reality will surely enhance everyone’s perception of the real world.

Thus AR is a combination of three factors. They are

Real and virtual world.

Interaction in the real time.

3D world.

With the wide use of AR, the entire view of the world will surely change. Just think of yourself, sitting at home, while an exact replica of yourself walking through the streets. When you view such a person’s image the audio will coincide with the image automatically. The changes will be made continuously to reflect the movements of your view. Such applications are most commonly seen nowadays in smart phones.

Technology

To know the technology used in AR it is necessary to know the basic components used in Augmented Reality. There are four basic components used in AR. They are

1. Display

2. Tracking and Orientation

3. Portable Computer

4. Software

These four components are combined together to make a highly efficient AR device. Devices like high speed multi-processors, high resolution cameras, accelerometers and are also used to enhance the reliability of the AR equipped device.

Now let us learn about each component in detail.

1. Displays

Tree types of displays are used in AR technology. They are

Head Mounted Displays [HMD]

This device keeps both the images of the real physical world and the virtual graphical world over the user’s world view. HMD are either an optically transparent or video transparent device. In an optically transparent display device, partial silver mirrors are used to pass the views of the real world through a lens. At the same time the virtual images are reflected into the user’s eyes. A 6-degrees of freedom [dof] sensor must be used to track the HMD device. Such a tracking method helps in relating the virtual world to the real world.

Some basic products that use such displays are Sony Glasstron, Microvision NOMAD and so on.

Handheld Displays

Such displays are small in size and will easily fit in one hand. These devices use video transparent techniques to relate the virtual world to the real world. Here also 6-degrees of freedom [dof] sensors are used apart from devices like GPS trackers, and digital compasses.  This display technology is the biggest success for Augmented Reality till now. Since they are easily portable and due to the bulk use of camera phones, they are used widely.

Spatial Displays / Spatial Augmented Reality [SAR]

This is very different from the other two techniques explained above. There is no need t carry the display, instead, the graphical image is related to physical objects by using a digital projector. The only problem is that the user will have no contacts with the display.

The main advantage of such a device when compared to other displays is that the user doesn’t have to carry the equipment along with him. Thus the users can easily see each other’s faces. Since a projector system is used, these displays have better resolution than the others. The resolution can be further increased by expanding the display area by using more projectors.

2. Tracking and Orientation

As the name refers, tracking and orientation is needed to know the user’s exact location in comparison to his surroundings and also is used for tracking the exact eye and head movements of the user. This is the most complex part of the Augmented Reality technology as three major functions such as tracking the overall location, movement of the user’s head and eye and adjusting the graphics to be displayed are done with utmost precaution. There has not been a single system than can produce AR without a small delay between the real world and the graphical world till now.

3. Portable Computer

For this technology to sustain, the computers used must have high speed processors. Even now, the computers used for this purpose, does not have enough efficiency. For using 3-D graphics in systems, the configuration must be high end.

Applications

Here are some of the applications of AR in different fields.

Gaming and Entertainment

This is the biggest field in which AR has really made progress in. The games can be enhanced to such an extent that the user will fell like he is one of the characters of the game. Even movies can be watched with such enthusiasm as you will feel that the characters are walking past you.

Education

AR system can be greatly helpful to students as it can be used to re-create historic events of great importance in relation to its real time background. Thus the students will have a better idea of all the facts in life, providing them with a better education.

Security and Defence

AR technology helps in giving the soldiers in the field vital information about their surroundings, friendly troops and also the movement of their enemies. Even police officers will have a great help from such a technology as they have a complete and inmost view of a crime scene or robbery.

Medicine

During a medical operation, AR technology can be used to provide the doctor a better sensory perception of the patient’s body.

Thus, the risk factor involved in an operation can be greatly reduced and the efficiency can be increased. The technology can also be used to provide the patient’s medical records digitally in page wise manner, immediately after an X-ray or MRI, so that a quick decision can be taken.

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Working of Facial Recognition System

We have seen the use of facial recognition technology in many movies. A photo of the person to be identified will be obtained from some hidden camera. It will then be run in through the police database so as to find a match with their existing records. At last a match will be found and the criminal will be caught red handed. Though this may seem fascinating in movies, it may not be the same in real world.

The facial recognition system was equipped in cameras and was placed in some streets so as to cut down the number of crimes in the area. But, the technology failed to provide results as the people around the streets wore masks, prohibiting the cameras from getting a clear enough shot to identify anyone.

The facial recognition software’s have been upgraded well enough to provide 99% accuracy at present. In this post, we will discuss about the origin of this technology and also their enhancing capabilities for both governmental and personal use.

From the phrase facial recognition, it is understood that the software used for this purpose mainly recognizes a number of distinguished features of the face. All the features added together make almost 80 nodal points. The software used for facial recognition recognizes and distinguishes the face from its background by some of the common nodal points given below.

Distance between the eyes

Nose width

Depth of the eye sockets

Cheekbone shape

Length of jaw-line

The above nodal points are measured altogether to provide a common numerical code known as the face print.

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Working of 3-D TV

3-D Technology

Television has been one of the biggest entertainments since its invention. From its evolution in black and white format, the television technology has later developed to bring colour visuals in CRT displays and later LCD, LED and also Plasma. Nowadays we can get TV’s that is almost 61-inches wide and that too with a very small thickness. The visuals are also in High-def format, which is so clear that we feel like sitting in front of it the whole time.

With later developments in the TV technology, one question arises in our minds…WHAT’S NEXT??

The answer is clear…3-D technology!!

The surprising factor about 3-D Technology is that it was first tried in the year 1922 for a movie called “The Power of Love”. Since then people have been trying to develop the technology. During the 1950′s movie producers were trying to attract people into theatres. For that, they also tried to simulate shock in the audience seats while showing a horror film. Apart from this the movies were shown in 3-D format to bring the pictures live. All the audience had to do was to wear a pair of glasses.

After the release of major movies like Avatar, Clash of the Titans, Up in the Air and so n in the 3-D format, even TV manufacturers decided to make 3-D TV’s for home purpose from the year 2009.

A 3-D image is obtained by displaying different images to each eye. This when joined by the brain, will produce an illusion of a 3-D image. This method is called stereoscopy.

Thus a 3-D TV is a special television that has various methods to deploy 3-D images so that people can experience a realistic 3-D field.

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TV remote jammer

Description.

Here is the circuit diagram of simple but highly effective TV remote jammer circuit. Most of the TV remotes have 38KHz operating frequency. A flood of IR beams in the same frequency can easily confuse the TV receiver and this is the operating principle of our jammer. The circuit is nothing but an astable multivibrator based on NE555 IC. The output of NE555 is amplified using a PNP transistor SK100 to drive the IR LEDs. Not only TV remotes, but any IR remotes operating in the 38KHz frequency region can be also jammed by using this circuit.

Circuit diagram.

Notes.
The circuit can be assembled on a Vero board.
Use a 9V PP3 battery for powering the circuit.
Mount the IC on a holder.
POT R4 can be adjusted to exactly match the jammer’s frequency to the remotes frequency. This adjustment is very essential for effective jamming.


Contact Lenses with “The Terminator” Mode!!

In the movie “The Terminator”, we see Arnold Schwarzenegger check out the complete profile of the subject he is about to face.  A similar technology has been developed by Babak Parviz, an electrical engineer at the University of Washington.
Babak designed a lens that can be used to display a single pixel at a time. This display can be switched on and turned off through a wireless medium. The lens consists of an IC which stores the energy, along with an LED that shoots the light towards the eyes. But, the lens is not capable of intercepting objects that are very close to the eye. This problem is overcome by placing some counter lenses in between the LED and the eye. The same principle can be simply tested by placing an appropriate magnifying glass to see your finger that is placed very near to your eye.
Till now, the lens has only been designed to display one pixel. But, there may be a time when you could use the lenses to bring together all the displays you interact with on a daily basis – your PC, fridge, chair, mobile – into one personal display in your eye. Later, the same technology could be modified to bring in virtual images into the real world. For example, you could design the interior of your plain room with paintings, furniture and so on.
As show in the figure above, the LED part of the lens is opaque, but these little dark spots shouldn’t make the images unnoticed. A control circuit and a radio are also shown. They are used to gather the energy from a transmitter kept at the edge of the lens and convey the information to the outside. The design is made sleek enough in such a way that they do not block the view in any way. The lens was first tested on animals and they have proved to be working perfectly without any safety problems. The officials are waiting for an approval to test it on humans.
If this technology does become famous, the researchers will have to take special care in protection of the software side. That is, someone could easily pop up spams inside the control circuitry of the lens and block the view of a person, who may be busy driving his car.

Waterless Washing Machine Cleans Laundry Through Magnetic Levitation

New inventions have made strainful works always easier for people. Let us take an example of a washing machine. In early days, people used to wash their own clothes by hand and scrub all the dirt away using a brush and detergent. Later, the washing machine was invented, which simplified laundry cleaning. The device was further developed to produce semi-cleaners and lately fully automatic washing machines.
A new concept has been introduced by a a designer named Elie Ahovi, which works under the principle of magnetic levitation.
The device, named as “Laundry Orb” consists of a spherical drum that cleans clothes by scrubbing them using dry ice, instead f water. The spherical drum is basically a ring filled with batteries. These batteries produces magnetic levitation inside the ring. To levitate, a super-conductive metal laundry basket is introduced inside. A low temperature is required inside the ring. This is produced by using liquid nitrogen. A double layered shatterproof glass is also introduced inside. Thus, the whole drum levitates as soon as a magnetic field is produced. The whole process is controlled using  a touch screen interface.
The dry ice is introduced inside the ring at supersonic speeds. As soon as it hits the dirty clothes, the carbon dioxide interacts with the dirt and separates them from the clothes. The dirt is then collected and filtered out through small pores. The carbon dioxide is then removed and re-frozen. Thus, the clothes are cleaned and dry.
The cleaning process will take only a few minutes. Since no water and soap is used, the clothes are prone to look new without any wear ad tear. The environment can also be protected to a certain extent by saving soap. Besides, we can use the surplus carbon dioxide for something useful.
Though the whole concept sounds interesting, there are certain cons. The removing of carbon dioxide and refreezing it requires a lot of energy.

Stereo headphone amplifier

LM4910 stereo headphone amplifier.


LM4910 belonging to the Boomer series of National Semiconductors is an integrated stereo amplifier primarily intended for stereo headphone applications. The IC can be operated from 3.3V ans its can deliver 0.35mW output power into a 32 ohm load. The LM4910 has very low distortion ( less than 1%)   and the shutdown current is less than 1uA. This low shut down current makes it suitable for battery operated applications. The IC is so designed that there is no need of the output coupling capacitors, half supply by-pass capacitors and bootstrap capacitors. Other features of the IC are   turn ON/OFF click elimination, externally programmable gain etc.

Circuit diagram.

Stereo headphone amplifier LM4910


Circuit diagram of the LM4910  stereo headphone amplifier is shown above.C1 and C2 are the input DC decoupling capacitors for the left and right input channels. R1 and R2 are the respective input resistors. R3 is the feed back resistor for left channel while R4 is the feed back resistor for the right channel. C3 is the power supply filter capacitor. The feedback resistors also sets the closed loop gain in conjunction with the corresponding input resistors.
Notes.
The IC is available only  in SMD packages and care must be taken while soldering.
The circuit can be powered from anything between 2.2V to 5V DC.
The load can be a 32 ohm headphone.
Absolute maximum supply voltage is 6V  and anything above it will destroy the IC.
A logic low voltage at the shutdown pins shut downs the IC and a logic high voltage at the same pin activates the IC.



Simple FM transmitter circuit.

Description.


A lot of FM transmitter circuits have been already published here. This just another one, a simple two transistor FM transmitter.The first stage of the circuit is a preamplifier stage based on transistor Q1. This is a collector to base biased amplifier stage where resistor R2 sets the collector current and R1 provided the necessary collector to base bias. C1 is the input DC decoupling capacitor which couples the input audio signal to the Q1 base. C8 is the power supply by-pass capacitor. Next stage is the oscillator cum modulator stage built around transistor Q2. Electrolytic capacitor C2 couples the output of the first stage to the second stage. R3 and R4 are the biasing resistors of Q2. R5 is the emitter resistor of Q2. Inductor L1 and trimmer capacitor C5 forms the tank circuit which is necessary for creating oscillations. The modulated FM signal is available at the collector of Q2 and it is coupled to the antenna using capacitor C9.

Circuit diagram.

Simple FM transmitter circuit


Notes.
The circuit can be powered from anything between 6 to 12V DC.
Using battery for powering the circuit will improve the performance and reduce noise.
A 9V PP3 battery is a good option.
If you are going with a battery eliminator, then it must be well filtered and regulated.
Trimmer C5 can be used for adjusting the transmission frequency.
Antenna can be a 1m copper wire.
L1 can be constructed my making 4 turns of 1mm enameled copper wire on a 10mm diameter plastic former.
Trimmer capacitor C6 can be adjusted for obtaining the maximum range.
Most of the components required for this circuit can be procured from your junk box.


IMAX – The Giant Step to Movies

Let a movie be in 3-D or an ordinary 70mm projection. We have always loved it for the story, sound effects, visual effects, and many other factors. But latest technologies have improved the way in which graphics and other effects have been introduced in each frame. Out of them IMAX is the most popular.
The Fox introduced the first 70mm format, the Fox grandeur in 1929. Later the Cinema scope and vista vision widened the image from 35mm. Then came IMAX with its advanced methods of film projection ever to be seen by anyone. The format was developed by a Canadian company called IMAX corporation, and hence the name. Today, it is estimated that IMAX is available in about 528 theaters in 46 countries. IMAX provides a better resolution and picture stabilization. IMAX Corporation has developed various projectors and standards for delivering a better viewing experience. IMAX has been used since 2002 in various theaters across the world. IMAX 3D is also gaining much popularity recently. Let us now take a look of the various technical aspects of IMAX.
The camera used in IMAX has a much larger frame and hence increases the resolution. IMAX aims at more precision than strength so it uses “ESTAR” base. IMAX format is generally called “15/70” film because of the 15 sprocket – hole or film thickness.  For increasing the image area the sound track of the IMAX is recorded separately in another film and is synchronized with the main film.  A separate 6 channel 35mm magnetic film which converts directly to analog is used for this purpose.  For producing high quality 3D effects, the speakers in IMAX theaters are placed directly behind the screen and around the theater.

Conventional 70mm projectors are not able to produce 586 x magnification. IMAX projectors are pin stabilized which makes the film stable and ensures perfect alignment.  The shutter speed of the projector is 20 times faster than the conventional projector and produces a brighter source of light. The light is produced from xenon short arc lamps made of fused quartz and xenon gas at a pressure of 25 atmospheres. The personals operating this projector should be skilled and must wear thick body armor while handling it. The quartz crystals and the xenon gas that produces the light could break easily and hurt the operator.
There are four types of projectors used in IMAX, namely GT (Grant theater), GT 3D (duel rotor), SR (small rotor) and MPX . All these projectors use the 70mm format. Theater construction for IMAX differs with respect to others. The audiences are allowed to site near the screen because of the higher resolution. The size of a standard IMAX screen is 22 x 16.1m.

  IMAX 3D is a popular method for 3D vision in theaters . In IMAX 3D two separate cameras are used to generate the effect of 3D. The two cameras represent the right and left eyes. Separate film rolls should be there for each lens. When these two films are projected simultaneously the viewer will get an illusion of reality or a 3D image. The two lenses should be separated by a distance of 64 mm, which is the average distance between the human eyes. For creating 3D illusion the light from the two images are polarized. Eye glasses with left and right lens are polarized to match the projection. These glasses cancel the polarization and thus produce an illusion of 3D. The two projectors alternately display the film at a rate of 48 frames per second.  LCD shutter glasses, which contain LCD panels, are used for this purpose and the eye sees only that image it intend to see.
Let us now see the technical specifications of IMAX
IMAX (15/70)
Spherical lenses also known as singlets which has the shape of the surface of sphere are employed in IMAX.
70 mm film is used and  with 15 rotations per frame
When viewed  from the  base side  we can see a right-left horizontal rolling stop movement is there
24 frames per second
The aperture of the camera is 70.41 X 52.63 (2.772 X 2.072 inc)
The aspect ratio is  1:44:1
The IMAX is used in various other purposes like Digital media remastering. The conventional films can be converted into IMAX format. The 1995 film Apollo 13 was the first to be converted into IMAX and it was released in 2002. The digital intermediate technology enabled the films shot in 35mm to be shown in IMAX venues. IMAX can undoubtedly be called as the film viewing technology of the future.

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Piccolo – The ‘Sketching’ Robot

Piccolo can be said as the perfect companion for a graphic designer or an engineer as it helps him to sketch his creativity. Piccolo is a small pocket sized robot which uses servo mechanism for developing and deploying the accurate 2D or 3D output. Like all other robots, this one also works according to CNC technology. CNC is the acronym of Computer Numerical Control. Here the computer converts the design produced by the computer aided design software (CAD) into numbers. These numbers denote different coordinates – that is X, Y and Z in a graph. This technology is employed in a number of places such as the automatic machine cutting, or the drawing tool.  We can sketch a simple drawing or cut a sheet using a laser tip by attaching the corresponding tip to this bot. Piccolo will work according to the type of tip attached to it. Another important advantage of Piccolo is its portability. We can carry this cool machine anywhere with us. When compared to other CNC based robots, this one does not cost thousands of dollars but just $70.This device was introduced by the Diatom studio from London with the collaboration of Cheng  Xu and Huaishu Peng  From CoDe Lab.

Lytro Light Field Camera – The Next Generation Camera is Here

Since its invention, the technology behind a camera has developed a lot beyond imagination. Nowadays, the device has become so sleek in design that it is integrated with other gadgets like mobiles and computers. To take a good photo, a photographer needs to use a camera with good resolution and focus. What if the camera had a technique by which the focus could be provided after the photo was taken? This would give the photographer enough time to sort out the correct focus required for the picture taken. This technique has been introduced in the “lytro light field camera” and will be explained in detail in this post.

The device mainly works on a type of photography called the light field photography. In this technology the camera captures all the light going in every direction in a scene. This is done by breaking up the main image with the help of a micro lens over an image sensor.

Lytro Focus

The lytro camera was invented by Ren Ng who was a light filed photography researcher from the Stanford University. He established a company called the Lytro Inc in the year 2006, and on October 2011 the first lytro camera was sold commercially and now it is available for the public. The camera consisted of a lens which was a matrix of tiny lenses on a sensing chip. These sensors were employed to gather the light from different directions and sources. The lytro camera was chosen by the Time magazine as one of the best inventions of 2011. One of the main advantages of lytro camera is that it requires no autofocus or refocus as both the parameters can be given as we wish after the picture is taken and hence, avoids shutter delay. The pictures taken by a lytro camera will in LFP format, one which is exclusive to the lytro camera. Now let us take a look of the various parts of a lytro camera which enable it to focus the image after capturing

Lytro Camera Construction

Lens – As always lens is one of the most important part of this camera. The lens of a lytro camera has the capability to do a maximum 8x optical zoom with f/2 aperture lens. For enabling unheard of light capture the aperture is kept constant across the zoom range.

 Light field engine 1.0  -  The light field engine  accompanied with powerful processing capabilities process the light ray data captured by the sensor. It does the same job as the super computer in the lab. Light field engine enables you to refocus the image which you captured anywhere, in your PC, camera or even online.

Light field sensor – The lytro’s light field sensor is capable of capturing 10 million light rays and is one of the best of its kind.

Video of a Lytro camera

In this video we can see how the inventor Ren Ng explains the feature and functionality of this amazing camera.

The first thing to be considered is the light field. Lightfield is one of the main concepts while we are dealing with in imaging science. Ordinary cameras don’t have the ability of capturing the lightfield. The lightfield gives a description on how a scene has occurred. Simply saying it is the amount of light travelling in every direction through every point in space. Now let’s see how this lightfield is captured

For recording the lightfield an innovative technology which employs a new kind of sensor called the light field sensor is used.  This light field sensor is used to capture the color, intensity and vector direction of the rays of light unlike the traditional cameras. The next step is the processing of the light field. Sophisticated algorithms are used to make the light field worth using. The main advantage of relying on the software other than the hardware is that we can improve the quality of the picture by improving the capturing speed and low light picture capturing.

Lytro Lightfield sensor – Working

One of the many advantages of a lytro camera is that the image obtained is raw in nature. That is, the image can be easily converted into 3D as the 3rd dimensional data is already included. All you have to do it upload the image on to a 3D phone say LG Optimus 3D or HTC evo 3D. It is also easy to refocus the images with the help of an iPad or an iPhone. It is pretty easy to transfer the image from the camera to PC or other gadgets. Currently a Mac desktop application for the lytro is out and you just have to connect the lytro to your MAC and rest is just simple as copying the files from your smart phone. One image captured by the lytro is about 16 MB as a lot is raw data is to be stuffed in it. The MAC application also has an option to share the photo directly to social networking sites. In internet the image is viewed with the help of flash or html 5.

 The lytro camera is available in market with 8GB and 16 GB memory and in 3 colors. The 16 GB version which can take up to 750 photos costs $499 and the 8GB version costs $399. The lytro camera is available in 3 shades, Redhot, graphite and electric blue.  According to reliable sources more varieties of lytro cameras are to be launched in the market in the near future with better specifications. All the reviews about the camera have been good till now.